Three lines of poetry plot the trajectory of Arab national...

Three lines of poetry plot the trajectory of Arab national consciousness. â€Å"Awake, O Arabs, and arise!† begins the famous ode of Ibrahim al-Yaziji, penned in 1868 in Lebanon. Around that time, but even today, we saw people who insisted on sovereign Arab states in the Middle East. They thus seem to assume that there is one universal Arab identity, but what does this entail, and can we even speak of an Arab identity, looking at the historical perspective of the region that we call the Middle East? These are questions I will try to address in this paper although this is extra difficult since there is no universal definition of which countries are in the Middle East and which are not (some even include Cyprus). Here, I will only focus on the†¦show more content†¦Apart from culture, another important aspect that determines an identity is religion, and many people often assume that the who region is Islamic. However, these assumptions do not do justice to the complex a nd often very modern realities of the region today. Even when we assume that the Middle East is indeed a Muslim dominated region, excluding Israel as a Jewish state and the significant Coptic Christian minorities, then we can still not speak of one universal identity that is Islamic. As in Christianity, Judaism and every other religion for that matter, you have different movements within Islam who all interpret their faith in a different way. Depicted in a very generalized way, you can divide these movements into the two most significant ones being Sunni’s (about 85%), and Shia(15%). For example, the Sunnis believe that Muhammad had not assigned anyone as his successor, and therefore the best qualified person should be selected or chosen, the caliph. Unlike Shiites, Sunnis believe that because of the fact that according to the Quran Muhammad was the last of the prophets, the caliph was to succeed him only as a political leader. They see the caliph as a defender of the faith, but impute no further religious status to him. Shiites , however, are convinced that the succession of Muhammad , and therefore the leadership of the Islamic community , is

The Failed Corporate Culture of Enron - 4805 Words

The Failed Corporate Culture of Enron High risk accounting, inappropriate conflicts of interest, extensive undisclosed off-the-books activity, excessive compensation Ââ€" these are some of the headings of the report prepared by the U.S. Senates Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations titled The Role of the Board of Directors in Enrons Collapse. (Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 2002) In February, 2002, Enrons former Chief Executive Officer Jeffery Skilling had testified before members of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee that Enron was a financially sound company the day he resigned in August 2001, just months before the companys financial implosion. But the Enron debacle has, as the Houston†¦show more content†¦The winners have been consumers, who have paid lower prices, and investors, who have seen competition force the power suppliers to become much more efficientÂ…. Under the old regulated model of delivering gas and electricity, customers were offered a one-size-fit s-all contractÂ…. Enron pioneered contracts that could be tailored to the exact needs of the customer. To do this, Enron unbundled the classic power contract into its constituent parts, starting with price and volume, location, time, etc., and offered customers choices on each one. Again, consumers won. Enrons investors did too, because Enron earned the surplus typically reaped by inventors. Arguably, Enron is the embodiment of what economist Joseph Schumpeter called the process of Creative Destruction. But creative destroyers are not necessarily likable, pleasant folks, which may be part of Enrons problem today. (Bodily and Bruner, 2001) Skilling has been described as Enrons chief visionary, head cheerleader, and internal compass, a brilliant strategist and creator of the in-your-face Enron culture. At the same time, many inside the corporation thought him a terrible manager, impulsive and immature. Touting the value of intellectual capital over solid assets, Skilling sought to imbue the 250 or so young MBAs Enron hired each year with the belief that they were the best and that they were on a mission to open markets across the globe in the face of entrenched,Show MoreRelatedThe Corporate Culture Of Enron1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe corporate culture of Enron contribute to its bankruptcy? The Enron Corporation was an energy trading and utilities company that eventually failed due to the discovery that Enron was hiding large debts and losses in financial documents. â€Å"Through its subsidiaries and numerous affiliates, the company provided products and services related to natural gas, electricity, and communications for its wholesale and retail customers† (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2015, p. 486). A company’s corporate cultureRead MoreUniversity of Phoenix Organizational Culture1133 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational culture can be defined as the system of attitudes, beliefs and values that are collectively expressed in support of organizational structure. Organizational culture is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that dictate the behavior of individuals within an organization. Culture determines which practices are appropriate and which are not, effectively developing standards, guidelines, and expectations for individuals within an organization. Although they work hand in hand, there isRead MoreEnron : The Leading Factor That Had Enron Into Its Demise Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor that had Enron into its demis e revolves around the notion that, â€Å"companies are often so concerned with appearance and damage control that they are unwilling to engage in the degree of examination required to root out the entrenched causes of trust violations† (Hurley, Gillespie, Ferrin Dietz, 2013). The historical performance of Enron’s rising share prices, coupled to the constant positive media attentions, only added fuel to the fire in terms of Enron’s competitive culture. As a consequenceRead MoreWhy Enron Failed So Miserably1119 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis The reason Enron failed so miserably was due to the failure to meet the important ethical challenges and dilemmas in its corporate environment, the majority of the liability falls upon Kenneth Lay, the company founder, chief financial officer Andrew Fastow and Kenneth Lay’s successor Jeffrey Skilling. Enron’s CEO Mr. Lay failed to act responsible and also take necessary action, like for example when Fortune reporter Bethany McClean started inquiring about the validity of the financialRead MoreFailure Of Responsible Management : Enron Corporation1645 Words   |  7 Pageswhich failure of responsible management. The Enron Corporation is an example, because Enron event is the typical case for organization failure of responsible management In the end of 2001, Enron scandal has been disclosure, Enron stock prices slumped, and its financial tricks was exposed. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began survey of company s records. Enron’s auditor ‘Arthur Andersen ‘destroys relevant documents. (Ailon, G. 2011) Enron was bankruptcy in December 2001, and became theRead MoreEnron Scandal Reaction1483 Words   |  6 Pages The documentary film, Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room It is a story about the greed in corporate America  that is always exposed after the fact. The  film examines the 2001 collapse of Enron.  At the time of the collapse, Enron  was the largest bankruptcy in history. The Enron story is one of money  and politics, which are two areas that embody the culture of big business in America. The film does a great job  of illustrating the laissez-faire culture that allowed Enron to rise to  prominence whileRead MoreWhy Enron Collapsed?1143 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the reasons why Enron collapsed? * Investments Enron dealt in energy. According to Infinite Energy, the first and main cause of Enrons collapse was failed investments. Enron invested money in fiber-optic networks, a power plant in India and water distribution in the United Kingdom, to name a few. While a company the size of Enron could afford occasional losses, the mounting, failed investments added up and created a plethora of debt. * Hidden Losses Infinite Energy states thatRead MoreCorporate Culture Of Enron And Bankruptcy1327 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The case study is about Enron and about their biggest failure that lead the company towards bankruptcy. Enron got bankrupt to the extent that was no point of returning back and reversing its wrong doings. The only thing that the company had to think about was how to return the losses of its creditors. Enron Corp. was left with $12 billion in assets which was to be distributed among more than 20,000 creditors. Around 80% of creditors of Enron backed the long-awaited reorganization planRead MoreEssay on Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse705 Words   |  3 PagesENRON: QUESTIONABLE ACCOUNTING LEADS TO COLLAPSE CRYSTAL RUFF GLOBE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the article listed in reference that reported on the demise of Enron and the contributing factors that led to the financial downfall of a great company. The roles of the corporate culture, Enron’s financial staff, and even the chief financial officer are all to blame for the events that lead to the finality of the company that resulted in bankruptcy. While Enron boasted aboutRead MoreThe Organization Behaviors Of Enron Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Organization Behaviors of Enron Introduction Enron is considered America’s largest corporate failure in history and is a story about greed, fraud, and human tragedy. In 1986, Houston National Gas and Internorth, a natural gas pipeline company, merged to create Enron with Ken Lay as the chair and chief executive officer (CEO). Lay transformed the company into a high tech global operation that traded water, energy, broadband, and electricity. In less than a year, problems arose of fraud and

Hip

Hip-Hop Genre and Culture Essay The Hip-Hip genre is a form of music used to convey different emotions, ideas and messages to its listeners through rhythmic instrumentals and creative lyrics. Its music was used to express oppression and racism within society, and to speak out against social conditions that were being neglected. From its commercial success and worldwide influence, Hip-Hop has evolved not only in its music but also as a distinct, widespread culture, which some view as way of life. The culture of Hip-Hop began in the early 1970s, in the South Bronx of the United States amongst African-Americans who lived within poor neighbourhoods or, â€Å"ghettos†. House parties were hosted by disc jockeys throughout these neighbourhoods where the master of ceremonies, or â€Å"MC† would rap over the disc-jockeys music. 1 The genre quickly grew successful over the following decades and so did its music and message. Hip-Hop culture promotes certain values onto its followers in response to social inequities and discrimination that many of its listeners face and experience. From the social inequality expressed through Hip-Hop music, poor inner-city communities begin to develop a strong connection amongst its residents in coping with the social challenges they are faced with. Hip-Hop also carries a strong relationship with capitalism and consumerism, where individuals of the sub-culture are consumed with wealth from the musics materialistic messaging, and where they look to display a sense of importance and success through trends and fashion. Hip-Hip culture serves as a distinct identity; from its unique clothing, use of language and also expression of rebellion, Hip-Hop is a culture of its very own. Hip-Hop is not only a form of music expressed through rhythmical beats and poetic lyrics, but a transcendence of a vibrant culture that brings social awareness and creative expression. Subculture The music of Hip-Hop and the pioneering of the culture began in the early 1970s in the South Bronx. It was popularized by African-Americans who lived within impoverished neighbourhoods where local house parties would be hosted by disc jockeys or â€Å"DJs†. Amongst these disc jockeys was DJ Herc, who began as a graffiti artist, created an innovative turntable technique by stretching a drums break sequence simultaneously over two identical records. 2 This pro-longed break sequence in the music allowed the partys dancers, who were known as â€Å"B-boys† and â€Å"B-girls†, to showcase their talents. The â€Å"B† standing for break, thus became known by the mainstream media as â€Å"break-dancing†. 3 The master of ceremonies or â€Å"MC†, would rap while the DJ would perform his turntable breaks. Coke La Roc, who was a close friend of Herc, would popularize this act of rapping over turntable breaks and is considered to be the first rapper or â€Å"MC†. During this pioneering stage of Hip-Hop during the early 1970s, graffiti art, break-dancing, disc-jockeys, and master of ceremonies would serve as the four elements of Hip-Hop. Through the following decades, Hip-Hop began to popularize throughout all of North America, and even began to reach fans globally as well. Its unique style and musical appeal has plunged into the mainstream culture where it continues to be one of the most successful genres in the music industry. The majority of Hip-Hops content involves the social and economic inequities found within society, and creating an awareness on these issues. In spotlighting these social problems, the genre self-imposes certain values and attitudes onto to its listeners and members of its subculture; which also carries some negative connotations. These chosen topics are due to the fact the Hip-Hop culture itself originated within the poor inner-city, where many minority groups, including African and also Latino Americans, did not share the same privileges as their peers. These minority groups were subject to discrimination and racial profiling, especially by the police. As a result, members of this subculture develop a sense of animosity towards the police or law enforcement. This is especially true amongst African-Americans as the lyrical content of racism and discrimination is frequent within Hip-Hop. The music sub-consciously exposes this fear of the police, for the messages expressed through the music is very much relatable to its listeners alike. It was also a very common reality, as seen through racial segregation during the Civil Rights Movements. Hip-Hop began during the after-math of the Civil Rights Movement, and this police brutality toward African-Americans has had ripple effects decades after Blacks in American had won their freedom. This hatred toward the police is evident through Hip-Hops lyrics, whose groups and artists such as, N. W. A, Tupac Shakur, Cypress Hill, and Public Enemy, have spotlighted the oppression and mistreatment toward African-Americans. Hip-Hop music also imposes the value of the importance and acquisition of money. This value within Hip-Hop springs from the poor communities and living conditions in which the culture began. Its content is filled with lavish lifestyles and the boasting of wealth. Successful Hip-Hop artists were often raised within impoverished areas, who had very little. It is understandable then how money is very much valued by these artists, and why their music contains frequent messages of attaining wealth and living lavish lifestyles that they never thought they could live. These values and attitudes constantly expressed in Hip-Hop slowly seep into the minds of its listeners and fans. From the impoverished neighborhoods where Hip-Hop began, a strong sense of community has formed. These low-income communities are referred to as â€Å"hoods† in Hip-Hop culture, where its residence share a strong connection amongst one another. This connection is due to the fact that residents face similar challenges regarding living conditions, financial issues, and also racial profiling. Hip-Hop looks to reflect these conditions and everyday life, and as the music of Hip-Hop evolved, so did its message. Groups and artists such as, N. W. A, Tupac Shakur, Cypress Hill, and Public Enemy, used their music to promote awareness of these social issues within these areas. Hip-Hop artists helped politicize the genre and looked to empower the voices of the urban communities and its individuals. Music Should Not Be Censored Essay ExampleThese styles of clothing represent an alternative or opposition to mainstream fashion, which can also be viewed as a representation of rebellion. Urban wear often associates one belonging to the streets or violent neighbourhoods, which usually carry an interpretation of one being a renegade or rebel by those not part of the subculture. This association of violence and rebellion with urban street wear has been advertised by large corporations who have looked to glamourize the violence of the inner-cities, and its appeal has spread into the upper-class, sub-urban communities. The advertisers look to build connections with certain traits, lifestyles and attitudes with their products in Hip-Hop apparel. This appeal to the sub-urban community as a resulted in a process of acculturation. Advertisers thus create a virtual reality which has majorly been popularized within white, sub-urban males, as they are the largest audience of gangsta rap. These white, sub-urban males look to romanticize the very idea of ghetto life and the violent environments black inner-city youth experience and which they hope to escape. 0 The concept of constructing the â€Å"self† expressed by George Mead relates to this idea of creating an identity through ones apparel as well. The â€Å"self†, being the continuous interaction between our individual wants and societys expectations, is represented by the white, sub-urban males who face the conflict of abiding to the image of the privileged, upper-class, and wanting to express their interest through Hip-Hop music and its culture. 11 They look to create their own self-identity but are often faced with contradicting realities during this on-going process. Hip-Hop apparel serves as a vehicle for expression that is shared with the outside world, and is looked to identify oneself as a member of the distinct Hip-Hop culture. The genre of Hip-Hop began to express the marginalization and oppression within society, and over the passing decades it has emerged as one of the most distinct, anomalous cultures in the world. From its humbling beginnings in the South Bronx, in local house parties hosted by disc-jockeys and the master of ceremonies. Its lyrical content, lifestyles and promotion of various values and attitudes. Shared sense of community within impoverished areas. Relationship with consumerism and the capitalist culture in achieving this concept of â€Å"cool†. And its culture and music being a vehicle in creating ones own self-identity, all form together in creating the culture of Hip-Hop. New directions for future research on this topic can include family relations within poor urban neighbourhoods. This may include the absence of different family members during child rearing, such as father figures, as this may shed light on future attitudes and behaviours later on the childs life. Another direction can be the causes of misogyny and its social factors in relationship with Hip-Hop subculture. Hip-Hop, with its commercial success and influence throughout the world, is a boundless culture, and through its expressive rhymes and rhythms, the culture serves to be in a class of its own. Method In conducting this research on the subculture of Hip-Hop, the majority of sources used were online sources. These sources were found through Google scholar and the Google search engine where I discovered journal articles, academic papers, and academic website blogs. The academic papers were used for researching the various aspects within the subculture section, and the journal articles and blogs helped with research in the capitalist culture and identity sections of the paper. Obstacles that I faced during the research of this paper included finding sources that extensively elaborated on certain concepts I was searching for, such as the evolution of clothing in Hip-Hop or community relations with Hip-Hop. Strategies to overcome this obstacle was finding multiple sources describing a specific concept rather than solely relying on one source in conducting my research. Bibliography: Ali, Aisha. 2009. â€Å"Hip-hop meets its ultimate fate: Hip-hop surrenders to capitalism (dollar dollar bill, yall)† DC Youth Issues Examiner, May 4, Retrieved November 19, 2013. http://www.examiner.com/article/hip-hop-meets-its-ultimate-fate-hip-hop-surrenders-to-capitalism-dollar-dollar-bill-ya-ll Blanchard, Becky. 1999. â€Å"The Social Significance of Rap Hip-Hop Culture†. Ethics of Development in a Global Environment (EDGE). July 26. November 20, 2013. http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/socialsignificance.htm Dixon, Bruce. 2012. â€Å"How Ghetto Politics Has Outlived the Ghetto, and Still Holds All Of Us Back†. Black Agenda Report. November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2013. http://blackagendareport.com/content/how-ghetto-politics-has-outlived-ghetto-and-holds-all-us-back Gibney, Charles (2013) â€Å"Socialization: The Social Construction of Childhood,† Sociology 1001D. Ottawa: Carleton University, December 1. Gibney, Charles (2013) â€Å"The Cultures ( Subcultures) of Capitalism,† Sociology 1001D. Ottawa: Carleton University, December 2. Gibney, Charles (2013) â€Å"Black Music and White Hair† Sociology 1001D. Ottawa: Carleton University, December 2. Grobelski, Tiffany and Michele Myers. 2011. â€Å"What is Hip-Hop? A Music, History, Art and Culture Lesson†. Education World. Retrieved December 1, 2013. http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/what-is-hip-hop.shtml Reese, Renford. 2000. â€Å"From The Fringe: The Hip-Hop Culture and Ethnic Relations†. Popular Culture Review. 11(2): Retrieved November 19, 2013 http://www.csupomona.edu/~rrreese/HIPHOP.HTML Shabazz, Sherron. 2009. â€Å"Hip-Hop 101: How did Hip-Hop Music begin?† Arts Entertainment. September 1. Retrieved December 1, 2013. http://www.examiner.com/article/hip-hop-101-how-did-hip-hop-music-begin 2000. â€Å"History of Breakdance†. Hip-Hop Rap Music Culture. June 6. Retrieved November 19, 2013. http://www.hiphopgalaxy.com/history-of-breakdance-hip-hop-2084.html 2008. â€Å"History of Hip-Hop style†. Indie Group. Retrieved December 2, 2013. http://hiphophistory.indiegroup.com/ â€Å"The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto†. 2013. National Bureau of Economic Research. December. Retrieved December 1, 2013. http://www.nber.org/digest/oct97/w5881.html